El Ifomethi ye-PDF (isifinyezo se- Ifomethi yedokhumenti ephathekayo), isizimise njengendinganiso yomhlaba wonke esabelana ngayo, sigcina futhi sibuka ngayo amadokhumenti. Kodwa ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, le ndawo yonke ibanzi kakhulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho ekubonakala ekuqaleni. Kulesi sihloko, sizobuyekeza zonke izinhlobo ezahlukene zamafomethi e-PDF akhona, kanye nokusebenziseka kwawo esimweni ngasinye.
Uma uke wazibuza ukuthi uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-PDF esezingeni, i-PDF/X, noma i-PDF/A, uzothola zonke izimpendulo lapha, ezichazwe ngokucacile nezihambisana nesikhathi.
Liyini ifayela le-PDF ngempela?
I-PDF iyifomethi eyenzelwe ukuphatheka nobuqotho bolwazi, ukuvumela okuqukethwe ukuthi kuboniswe ngendlela efanayo kunoma iyiphi idivayisi noma isistimu yokusebenza. Selokhu yasungulwa yi-Adobe ngo-1993, inhloso yayo bekuwukugcina idizayini, ihluzo, amafonti, kanye nesakhiwo sanoma yimuphi umbhalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi itholakala kuyiphi indawo.
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-PDF kufana nokuthi ingaqukatha umbhalo, izithombe, ihluzo zevekhtha, izixhumanisi, amafomu okusebenzisana, okunamathiselwe, amavidiyo, umsindo, kanye nezinto ze-3D. Isakhiwo sangaphakathi se-PDF Yakhiwe izigaba eziningana:
- Unhlokweni (lapho inguqulo yezinga ikhonjisiwe)
- Umzimba (izakhi zekhasi ngalinye).
- Ithebula lesithenjwa.
- I-Coda noma unyawo, okubonisa ukuthi lezi zithenjwa zitholakala kuphi.
Lesi sakhiwo senza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi amafayela e-PDF athuthukiswe noma ahlelwe kabusha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi noma ngokuhlelwa ukuze konge isikhala nokugcina ubuqotho bedatha.
Izinguqulo namazinga e-PDF: inguquko eqhubekayo
Kusukela ekuqanjweni kwayo kuze kube namuhla, Ifomethi ye-PDF idlule ezinguqulweni ezahlukene, ijwayelana nezimfuno ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kanye nemikhakha ethile yobungcweti. Inguqulo ngayinye ilethe ukuthuthukiswa ekuphathweni kombala, ukuphathwa kwesithombe, izendlalelo, ukuphepha, nezici ze-multimedia.
Lezi izinguqulo ezisemthethweni eziyinhloko zezinga, ezihlotshaniswa nezinguqulo ze-Acrobat:
- I-PDF 1.0 (1993): Inguqulo yasekuqaleni, enombhalo oyisisekelo nokusekelwa kwesithombe.
- I-PDF 1.1 (1994): Ukuthuthukiswa kwezichasiselo nezici zokuphatha zefomu.
- I-PDF 1.2 (1996): Sethula izixhumanisi ezithuthuke kakhulu namabhukhimakhi.
- I-PDF 1.3 (1999): Ukusekela obala kanye nezici ezintsha zokuphrinta.
- I-PDF 1.4 (2001): Ukuthuthukiswa kwezici ze-multimedia nezendlalelo.
- I-PDF 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 (2003–2006): Usekelo olunwetshiwe lwamasiginesha edijithali, imethadatha, nokushintshela kuzinga le-ISO (ISO 32000).
Ngaphezu kwezinguqulo ezijwayelekile, Amazinga athile e-PDF alawulwa yi-ISO adalelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile, esizokubona ngokulandelayo.
Izinhlobo ezinkulu noma amazinga amafomethi e-PDF
Ibhizinisi, izikhungo kanye nomhlaba wezobuchwepheshe udinga izixazululo ezenziwe ngendlela efanele, yingakho ziye zavela izinhlobo ezahlukene zamafomethi e-PDF, ngayinye yakhelwe ukusetshenziswa okuthile. Lawa mazinga anquma ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi evunyelwe, indlela ulwazi okufanele lwakhiwe ngayo, nokuthi imiphi imikhawulo okufanele isetshenziswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana, ukufinyeleleka, ukuqina, noma ukuphepha.
I-PDF ejwayelekile noma i-PDF Yomdabu
Iwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-PDF, lolu esilusebenzisa nsuku zonke ukwabelana ngemibiko, ama-e-books, izinkontileka, izethulo, iziphakamiso zebhizinisi, nanoma yimiphi eminye imibhalo engahlelekile. Isekela inhlobonhlobo yokuqukethwe: izithombe, umbhalo, amafomu, izixhumanisi, i-multimedia… Ilungele ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke ngoba ayidingi izidingo zobuchwepheshe eziqinile.
Ivumela ukusebenza okufana nokwengeza izinkambu ezisebenzisanayo, izinkinobho, amabhukumaka noma izixhumanisi. Yebo kunjalo, Ayilungiselelwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile njengokuphrinta okuphrofeshinali noma ukufakwa kungobo yomlando kwesikhathi eside.
Kuyifomethi evamile ye ama-e-books, imibiko, izethulo, iziphakamiso, namafomu enhloso ejwayelekile.
PDF/A: Izinga lokulondolozwa kwesikhathi eside
I-PDF/A iwukuhluka kwefomethi ye-PDF edalelwe yona ngqo ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kanye nobuqiniso bemibhalo amashumi eminyaka. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphathweni komphakathi, ezinqolobaneni zombuso, izinkampani eziphatha amarekhodi omlando, imibhalo yezomthetho, noma imibhalo yamagugu.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqina, i-PDF/A iyakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezici ezithile, njenge-JavaScript, izixhumanisi zangaphandle, amafonti angashumekiwe, noma amafomu aguqukayo. Lokhu kuvumela ifayela ukuthi lihlale lihambisana ngo-100% futhi libukeka ngokuzayo, ngaphandle kokuncika ngesofthiwe ethile noma i-inthanethi.
Izicelo zayo eziyinhloko zigxile ekuphathweni kwemibhalo yesikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zomthetho, zikahulumeni, kanye nezinkampani.
I-PDF/X: ifomethi yemboni yezithombe nokuphrinta okuphrofeshinali
Uma ufuna ukuthumela ikhathalogi, incwadi, amamagazini noma izinto zokukhangisa kwiphrinta, izinga le-PDF/X liqinisekisa ukuthi ifayela lakho ukulungele ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izimfuno zokunyathelisa kochwepheshe.
I-PDF/X idinga ukuthi wonke amafonti ashumekwe, izithombe zibe nokucaca okuphezulu, imibala ichazwe ngendlela efanele, futhi azikho izici ezingabangela amaphutha (njengokubonakala ngale okungalawulwa noma izixhumanisi zangaphandle). Ngakho, Izinkinga ezivamile zokunyathelisa ziyagwenywa futhi ukwethembeka komphumela wokugcina kuqinisekisiwe.
Kuyindinganiso eyinkomba emkhakheni wezithombe nokushicilela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphrinta ezinkulu.
PDF/E: ekhethekile yobunjiniyela nezakhiwo
I-PDF/E iyaphendula izidingo zemikhakha yobunjiniyela, yezokwakha kanye neyokwakha umphakathi, lapho kushintshaniswa khona amapulani amaningi, amamodeli kanye nemibhalo eyinkimbinkimbi yezobuchwepheshe. Lolu hlobo lwe-PDF lungaqukatha imidwebo ye-CAD, izinto ze-3D, izithombe zevekhtha ezithuthukisiwe, nezinto ezisebenzisanayo, kuyilapho kugcinwa ubuqotho bedatha yobuchwepheshe.
Ivumela ukucindezelwa okusebenzayo kwamafayela amakhulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yikhwalithi, okwenza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaqembu onjiniyela noma izinkampani zokwakha kushesha kakhulu.
Ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukwabelana izinhlelo, imidwebo, amaphrojekthi, izitshalo kanye nemibhalo efanele yezobuchwepheshe.
I-PDF/UA: Ukufinyeleleka Okubanzi
I-PDF/UA (Universal Accessibility) iklanywe ngendlela yokuthi ingafundwa futhi iqondiswe yinoma ubani, okuhlanganisa nabasebenzisi abanokukhubazeka kokubona noma okunye ukukhubazeka. Leli zinga lilandela imihlahlandlela yamazwe ngamazwe yokufinyeleleka, efana nesakhiwo esifanele kusetshenziswa amalebula, izihloko, izinhlu, noma amathebula, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwezifundi zesikrini noma amanye amadivayisi.
Ukuze uhambisane ne-PDF/UA, idokhumenti kufanele imakwe ngokucacile futhi ihlelwe, okwenza kube lula ngemishini yokusiza ukwethula ulwazi ngendlela efanele.
Kuyifomethi yereferensi ye-mizinto zemfundo, imibhalo yomphakathi kanye nokuqukethwe kwebhizinisi okufinyelelekayo.
I-PDF/VT: Ukuphrinta Okuguquguqukayo kanye Nemibhalo Yokwenziwayo
Okokugcina, i-PDF/VT indinganiso yereferensi ye Ukuphrinta amadokhumenti omuntu siqu nawebhizinisi ngamavolumu aphezulu: ama-invoyisi, izitatimende zasebhange, ukuxhumana okuqondile kokumaketha, ukuthunyelwa kweposi ngobuningi, njll.
Idizayinelwe izimo lapho idokhumenti ngayinye kufanele ibe nedatha ehlukene (njengegama lekhasimende, inani, nekheli) kodwa igcine ukwakheka nomklamo ofanayo, ngaleyo ndlela ivumele ukunyathelisa kwezinkulungwane zamadokhumenti aqondene nawe.
Kudume kakhulu emkhakheni wezezimali, imikhankaso yokumaketha kanye nezinhlangano ezinkulu ekhiqiza imibhalo eguquguqukayo.
Ungalukhetha kanjani uhlobo olufanele lwe-PDF?
Ukuthatha isinqumo hlobo luni lwe-PDF ongalusebenzisa Kuncike ezicini ezintathu eziyinhloko: injongo yedokhumenti, umongo lapho izosetshenziswa khona, kanye nezimfuneko zomthetho noma zobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, idokhumenti edinga ukufakwa kungobo yomlando iminyaka ekuphathweni komphakathi kufanele ibe yi-PDF/A, kuyilapho imanuwali yobuchwepheshe yobunjiniyela izofaneleka kakhulu ku-PDF/E. Ngencwajana ezophrintwa, i-PDF/X iyanconywa, futhi uma kuyidokhumenti yebhizinisi okufanele ihlangabezane nezimfuneko zokufinyeleleka, izoba i-PDF/UA.
Alukho uhlobo olulodwa lwe-PDF “olungcono” kunolunye, kodwa Izinga ngalinye liklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi othile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwethembeka kwesikhathi eside, ukuphrinta okunembayo, ukusebenzisana komsebenzisi, noma ukwenza ngokwezifiso okukhulu.
Umkhathi wamafomethi e-PDF ukhombisa ukuthi, yize uma uthi nhla wonke abonakala afana, akhona umehluko omkhulu nama-nuances lokho kungenza umehluko phakathi kombhalo owusizo nokwehluleka enjongweni yawo.
